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Towards new breakthroughs, climbing higher, Tianhe Resin [Hall 5.1, Booth 5X01] invites you to gather at the 2024 China International Composites Expo.
2021-11-12
![Towards new breakthroughs, climbing higher, Tianhe Resin [Hall 5.1, Booth 5X01] invites you to gather at the 2024 China International Composites Expo.](/npublic/img/s.png "Towards new breakthroughs, climbing higher, Tianhe Resin [Hall 5.1, Booth 5X01] invites you to gather at the 2024 China International Composites Expo.")
Carbon fiber composite materials, as an advanced structural material, are gradually replacing some metal materials from the perspective of future material development trends, especially evident in satellites. Due to the continuous optimization of high-performance carbon fibers, particularly the successful development of the high-strength and high-modulus MJ series carbon fibers, the composite materials used for satellite antennas have gradually shifted from Kevlar fibers and medium-modulus carbon fibers to high-modulus carbon fibers. Currently, almost all satellite antennas use high-modulus carbon fibers, with some satellites having an application rate of carbon fiber composites as high as 85%.
1. The main load-bearing structure of satellites currently mostly uses load-bearing cylinders. In the past, load-bearing cylinders were mostly made of metal materials with reinforcement ribs; now they are widely made of carbon fiber composite materials, which not only meet design requirements for stiffness and strength but also significantly reduce weight. Additionally, the application of composite materials in satellite structural shells and truss structures has greatly improved the development level of satellite structures.
2. The specific strength and specific modulus of carbon fiber composites are higher than those of commonly used aluminum alloys. Compared to aluminum alloys, the specific strength of unidirectional layer materials made from carbon fiber composites is 3-4 times higher, while the specific modulus of high-modulus carbon fiber composite unidirectional layer materials is 5-7 times higher. The requirements for strength, stiffness, and operating environment in satellite structures differ significantly from those in aircraft and missile structures. In actual satellite use, employing high-modulus carbon fiber materials can meet both strength and stiffness requirements.
3. At the same time, high-modulus carbon fibers have excellent electrical conductivity and can transmit or receive electromagnetic waves within a certain frequency range while withstanding a certain power level. Carbon fibers serve as conductive materials that can reflect and receive electromagnetic waves within a certain frequency range. Notably, as the degree of graphitization of carbon fibers increases, their electrical conductivity also significantly improves; high-modulus carbon fibers' conductivity is nearly comparable to that of metals. Therefore, composite antennas made from high-modulus carbon fibers can fully meet the electrical performance specifications for satellite antennas and withstand harsh environmental tests such as thermal cycling and vacuum conditions, making them the preferred material for spaceborne antennas.
4. Carbon fibers have a low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as the tensile modulus of the fibers increases, their thermal expansion coefficient can become negative. Based on this low expansion characteristic, through the design of carbon fiber layering within composite materials during antenna formation, it is possible to achieve 'zero expansion' during both the forming process and actual working environment. Satellites operating in geostationary orbit experience significant temperature variations, with high temperatures around +120°C and low temperatures around -160°C. For spaceborne antennas working in environments with severe thermal fluctuations, using such 'zero expansion' coefficient materials is very effective in maintaining structural and profile precision.
5. Carbon fiber composites are fatigue-resistant and have good damping and shock absorption properties. During the launch phase, satellites endure vibrations and shocks from the launch vehicle; many precision instruments, electronic circuits, relays, etc., on satellites are very sensitive to vibrations. By utilizing the excellent damping properties of carbon fiber composites, damping structures with specific damping characteristics can be designed as needed.
The trends in satellite development are longevity, high reliability, lightweight design, and high precision; typically, the structural quality of satellites accounts for less than 7% or even 4% of the total satellite weight. The development of satellite structural materials is trending towards high performance, multifunctionality, composite integration, intelligence, low cost, and high environmental compatibility. Advanced carbon fiber composite structural materials not only provide material support for developing satellite products but also serve as a technological foundation for advancing satellite product upgrades.
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